Pipes are the backbone of water distribution systems in building and infra-structure, and once incorporated, lasts as long as the life span of structure. Water distribution systems provide a suitable milieu for micro-organisms: Bacteria, Fungi and Algae. Microbes which survive in the distribution system possess the ability to grow and produce BIOFILM, a surface deposit of microorganisms, and organic and inorganic materials that accumulate within a slime layer. Biofilms induce many problems in water distribution systems like: change in color, odor, taste and turbidity of water, blockage of pipes and inefficacy of disinfection treatment. The Slimy layer of biofilm act as a slow-release mechanism for persistent contamination of water.

The microbial contamination and buildup in water distribution pipes pose a direct risk to public health because of water-borne diseases. Most common disease causing microorganisms associated with water contamination are Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, Klebsiella, E.coli, Helicobacter, Vibrio spp. Shigella, Salmonella, Legionella spp. Aspergillus, Cryptococcus and Mucor. These pathogens can cause serious illnesses like diarrhea, dysentery, gastroenteritis, allergies, skin infection, etc.

Water-borne diseases pose serious threat to public health: